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[2011.08.13] 金钟道财团和非洲贸易

2011-8-17 18:43| 发布者: Somers| 查看: 15309| 评论: 11|原作者: leihuabing

摘要: 中国和非洲的石油贸易由一家不透明的财团所主导。普通非洲人似乎很大程度上被排除在了这宗极为赚钱的买卖之外
中国国际基金

金钟道财团和非洲贸易

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中国和非洲的石油贸易由一家不透明的财团所主导。普通非洲人似乎很大程度上被排除在了这宗极为赚钱的买卖之外


Aug 13th 2011 | from the print edition

当一个有可能成为下一任中国主席的人会见一个非洲石油公司总裁的时候,你会认为太子将主导和文森特的会谈,但显然不是。在今年的四月十五号,安哥拉国有石油公司主席和首席执行官步入一个位于北京用鲜花装饰的房间并和习近平握手,习近平是中国的副主席,他有可能成为下一届的共产党总书记。文森特先生没有安哥拉政府头衔,然而,他仿佛被授予国家首脑的头衔,习近平让他的客人确信中国想“增强政治互信”.

安哥拉—除了沙特阿拉伯—是中国大的石油供应者,这使得文森特在北京成为重要的客人。但是他也是一个财团的合伙人,这个财团由关系复杂的广东企业家创立的,这些企业家和他们的非洲合伙人们一起已经控制了中国一个最重要的贸易渠道。这个财团自称为中国国际基金,它在位于香港金钟道的办公室进行运作。在过去的七年中,它已经签署了来自于非洲的价值几十亿美元的石油、矿产和钻石合同。

这些交易被蒙上秘密的色彩。然而,它们似乎给予金钟道的财团利润非常丰厚的条款。如果这是对的,它们将会剥夺一些世界上急需帮助的最贫穷的人的财富。因为财团已经和位于转乱地区的政权做了多笔生意,例如津巴布韦和几内亚,这也许间接的帮助维持暴力冲突。

经济学人反复多次将这些指责摆在本文中提到的人面前,询问他们对于事情的看法。但是—除了一个例外,下文已提到—我们什么也没有得到。简而言之,整个非洲国家的财富看起来似乎很大程度上取决于一小部分知情者的行动——不透明,无法解释的财团。“投机商在非洲资源的大蛋糕上切下了一大块”,环球目击者的Gavin Hayman说到,这是一个发掘财团交易的监督组织。

金钟道规则


这个财团是在冷战时期的结盟关系的基础之上建立起起来的,它在很大程度上是一个叫Sam Pa的人创立的,尽管他使用好几个名字,他出生时叫徐京华,在四十年前参加了一个位于苏联巴库的学院之后,他开始和处于内战状态的安哥拉进行贸易往来,据探究过他职业生涯的人说,这种贸易一直从1975年持续到2002年,在此期间他成为包括中国、美国、古巴、苏联和南美洲在内的相互争抢的代理人。Pa先生是一个鲜为人知的并且很少有照片的人,他的名字出现在几份财团的文件里,他被认为通过Veronica Fung进行操控,而Veronica Fung可能是他的家庭成员,她控制了一个核心公司Newbright International70%的股权。他们经常乘坐财团的空客飞机到非洲旅行,据说他们有时候避开海关。

Pa 先生有几个中国合伙人,根据一份2009年美国国会的报告,罗方红,一位中国将军的女儿,嫁给了王翔飞(音译)—一位关系深厚的银行家。罗控制Newbright 30%的股权。罗女士是中国国际基金和安中资源的公开任务,她被几十家相互关联的公司列为董事。公司的运作最开始委托给一家来自中国大陆的私人工程公司的领导者吴洋(音译),后来被非洲合伙人接管了。

虽然金钟道的财团有时候被认为是中国政府的一部分,但却很少有证据能够证明,确实,它经常成为中国官员批评的对象,它更可能是被中国政府设立用来实施新战略,这种新战略被称为“走出去”政策,在2022年,经历了几十年的商业孤立之后,中国开始鼓励企业家到海外淘金。短暂的接触之后,Pa先生开始和Hélder Bataglia 合作,此人是一位在安哥拉长大的葡萄牙人,他和拉丁美洲也有联系。他们在2004年一起访问了阿根廷总统内斯托尔•基什内尔和委内瑞拉总统乌戈•查韦斯。查尔斯先生在他每周一次的电视秀“Aló Presidente”中欢迎他们的到来,Pa先生也高调的宣布:“这是历史性的一天,因为我们开始参与你们的项目。

这个财团在拉丁美洲做成了几笔生意,但每单生意并不大,大致的套路就是通过建设基础设施换取矿产,作为回报,中国的合同商将会建设房屋和高速公路,但因为阿根廷和委内瑞拉两者都比较健全,所以这个财团转向新的市场。

在2004年底的时候,Pa先生旅行到了安哥拉,他认识总统若泽•爱德华多•多斯•桑托斯,还在巴库上学的时候他们见了第一面,后来和他的游击队武装进行过贸易往来,而Pa先生的信合作伙伴Bataglia 先生也知道他的游击武装,Bataglia 先生曾在内战中给他们供应过食物。一个长期受到来自安哥拉上层精英分子尤其是总统欢迎的法裔阿尔及利亚人Pierre Falcone也加入了他们。

他们三人一起说服安哥拉的精英们把他们孙素拓展的石油出口到中国,通过一个叫做中安资源的新的合伙公司,安哥拉使用公司Sonangol的的总裁文森特成为新公司的主席,在2005年签署的合同给予这个新公司出口安哥拉石油的权利,并且该公司也成为Sonangol公司和中国主要石油商中国石化的中间商。

中安资源马上投入到生意之中,根据安哥拉石油部的记录和由以石油运输作为抵押的银行贷款显示。虽然官方的统计数据不完整,但是可靠的消息来源称,去年中国从安哥拉进口的全部石油价值达200多亿美元全部来自于中安资源,作为对比,中国国有石油公司和安哥拉油田并没有直接的利益关系。安哥拉是中国的两个最重要的原油来源地之一,他们的名字在中国石油拥有进口特许权的题图上并没有显示。

对于几内亚的津巴布韦


到2009年,这个财团已经进行了大量的石油贸易,并且决定将贸易拓展到非洲其它国家,安哥拉石油公司和中安资源的总裁文森特在2009年飞到几内亚为财团安排了一笔生意,几内亚的矿产部长Mahmoud Thiam是他会见的客人之一,他的政府在同一年里通过政变掌权,Thiam是一个毕业于美国康奈尔大学并在美林和瑞银工作过的华尔街银行家。

通过Thiam的支持,这个财团赢得了成为一个新成立的国家矿产公司合伙人的机会,这将会控制现存项目的国有股份,更重要的是,获得未来控制一个矿产资源相对而言还未完全开发的领土的机会,几内亚拥有世界上最大的矾土储备和未被开发的高品位铁矿石资源,通过文森特签署的合约,财团获得一个叫做African Development Corporation公司的85%的股份,而政府持有另外15%的股份。这个公司拥有在几内亚的独家矿产开采特权,包括在几内亚海湾进行石油合约谈判的权利。作为回报,根据几内亚政府的消息(GDP 45亿美元),财团承诺投资多达七十亿美元在房屋、交通和公共设施上。

最终这宗交易在几内亚的大选中流产,但与此同时,金钟道的财团却很高兴,因为据报道他们将一架直升飞机作为礼物赠送给了几内亚的军事领袖。Thiam先生开始和财团的代表一起旅行—尽管再一次对我们的问题进行回应中(他是唯一回应我们的人)他说他是代表几内亚政府在合伙公司中进行控股,并且他否认成为财团的雇员。Thiam先生去了马达加斯加进行了另外一次谈判,而这次谈判和上次是一样的模式也是为了几内亚的利益,与此同时,他在下一年又继续担任矿产部长。

几乎在同一时间,津巴布韦也吸引了财团的眼球,Pa先生会见了中央情报机构(CIO)的领导人Happyton Bonyongwe,CIO是这个国家臭名昭著的秘密警察机构,帮助Robert Mugabe掌权,Pa先生的飞机经常出现在Harare机场,并且他在首都买下了房产,包括一栋20层的Livingstone House,他最初的两个合伙人Fong女士和罗女士成为了一家名为中津发展有限公司的董事,这个公司被给予开采石油和天然气的权利还有金矿、铂金和铬,作为回报,公司公开承诺修建高速公路、机场和公共住房,这些承诺被Mugabe政府估价八十亿美元。

到2009年金钟道的财团已经横扫全球,从坦桑尼亚和科特迪瓦到俄罗斯和北朝鲜再到印度尼西亚,马来西亚和美洲。它已经买下了JP摩根位于纽约华尔街23号的Chase大楼。

令人遗憾的Songangol


人们不该嫉妒一个企业家商业上的成功,并且金钟道的财团也能够提供中国需要的原材料,然而,关于这个财团有三点担忧。

首先是个人利益,中安资源从安哥拉购买石油的合同条款从来没有公开,然而,几位知情的观察家说,财团以2005年定下的低价从安哥拉买进石油,却以现在的市场价在中国卖出,合同固定的成交价格是个秘密,但布伦特原油在2005年每桶不到55美元,而今天的成交价则超过100美元,换句话说,财团的利润很大。在过去一些年里,以它已经卖给中国的石油计量,它的利润可能多达几百亿美元。经济学人要求对此给予评论的请求没有得到回复,没有公开的声明显示在2005年后双方就合同条款进行了重新的谈判。

作为多安哥拉石油的回报,根据政府的信息显示,财团承诺建设基础设施,包括低成本的房屋,公共用水管道,高压电场,跨国公路和铁路。毫无疑问,这些都是国家需要的,但它们的价值不会超过几十亿美元,这看起来对于安哥拉人民来说并不是一桩好买卖。

在安哥拉,对个人非法支付的指控已经开始在上层统治者间渗透。在2006年,外部情报服务部门的领导Fernando Miala被指控二十亿元用来建设基础设施的人民币资金消失了。他宣称资金已经通过高层官员转移到位于香港的私人账户。尽管没有在他的文章中提及姓名。他很快被解雇了,通过审判被投入监狱(他现在也许已经回到政府中了)。

安哥拉和中国的部分石油贸易似乎已经被利益冲突所玷污,安哥拉总统的儿子据说是中安资源的董事,而中安资源则是国有石油公司的主要贸易伙伴,经济学人请求对此予以评论,但没有得到答复。文森特是一家和财团有密切联系的空壳私人公司的董事,他也同时是国有石油公司的领导者。尽管它们存在的目的可能是避税,去年美国参议院准备的一份关于海外腐败的报告中显示,在2003年Sonangol公司被认为非常腐败,以至于花旗银行关闭了它所有的账户。这份报告也显示,文森特个人持有Sonangol的总资产达82亿美元的house bank的5%的股份。根据世界货币基金组织和世界银行的信息,几十亿美元已经从Sonangol的账户中消失。在某次,Sonangol奖励文森特他担任主席的公司1%的股份,但在公众的斥责声中他被迫返还。

在几内亚,批评主要集中在前任矿产部长。一份2009年为公开的维基解密电文引用了一家美国矿产公司执行官的话,他抱怨到Thiam先生已经“从促成中国国际基金达成交易的过程中获益”。这家美国公司因为财团的存在而生意失利。Thiam先生却对此否认。作为一个华尔街银行家,在他返回他出生的国家时他就已经有很多钱了。

荒废的铁路


第二个对于金钟道财团的抱怨是它并没有履行它在赢得矿产开采执照时许下的很多诺言。津巴布韦荏苒在等待哪怕是一部分它所承诺的基础设施建设,几内亚从来没有收到一百辆公共汽车,而这应该是在2009年交易达成之后的45天之内就该交付的。

在安哥拉的情况更为复杂,尽管也很令人失望。中国的合同上已经建造了一些房屋和铁路线并且这些项目最开始是由财团注资的。写着“中国国际基金”的标语出现在建筑施工点。但在近些年,他们已经被其他中国公司所取代,根据西方外交官和中国让人的消息,财团在2007年已经停止支付账单超过八个月了,所有的工作已经停止,2000名Benguela铁路项目的安哥拉工人已经被解雇,仅有一名中国厨师留守负责。西方外交官怀疑财团指望安哥拉政府出面注资,安哥拉政府的合法性来源于基础设施的发展,很快,政府发行了35亿美元的政府债卷来资助工程项目,工程的分包商现在直接由安哥拉政府付款。

财团抵达后的流年,安哥拉首都卢安达超过90%的居民依然没有自来水,在此期间财团依旧繁荣。

对于财团的第三个抱怨是来自原财团的现金支持某些政治领袖,因此助长了暴力冲突,例如,在几内亚,财团给予军事团体以援助,在2009年九月继续他们的暴行,强奸妇女并且在一个体育馆里屠杀了超过150名抗议者,这引发了欧盟和非盟的制裁,一个月后,财团签署了矿产合约,将一亿资金转移给军事团体。一名反对者Bashir Bah谴责这宗交易,他说:“首先它是不道德的,第二它是不合法的”。

交易甚至引起了政府内部的震怒,政府总理Kabine Komara,一个相对而言无权的任务,对其他官员抗议部长的行为,一份来源于首先办公室显示日期为11月26日备忘录泄露到全球目击者手里,备忘录宣称:“部长委员会没有讨论或者质疑创办一个国有矿产公司,更不能接受的是一个外国公司能够成为这样一个公司的股东,这将会事实上赋予这家公司整个国家现在和将来的财富的所有权”。 Thiam先生说对于Komara的抱怨并不知情。

根据国际机构的消息,支持Thiam先生的军事领导人需要财团的前,如果他们掌权的话,一位世界银行的官员告诉西方外交官,军事团体将会出卖国家以换取矿产收入,并且告诉国际捐助者忽略这些,军事团体在去年的大选之后最终倒台,而矿产交易现在则处于不确定状态。

在津巴布韦情况甚至更为惊人,财政部长,作为一名政府联盟的反对者,已经阻止资金注入CIO,此举被推测为支持Mugabe。然而他却突然拥有很多现金,据报道,最近几个月,它已经将代理人的工资翻番,获得数百辆新汽车并且训练了几千名军事人员。这些人用来在下一年的选举中胁迫投票人。几个关注交易的消息来源称,这些钱来源于Pa先生,消息说他和CIO达成交易以换取津巴布韦大量的钻石财富——这些财富部分是由CIO控制,而这些钻石多年来是被禁止进入国际市场的,因为国际市场禁止暴力,而那些暴力却经常被津巴布韦的矿工所忍受。据说Pa先生买下了他们,显然是直接支付给CIO,避开政府的保险箱,对于中安资源和中国国际基金很少有消息可以确定。我们多次质疑该公司,他们的代表人均未答复,我们在全球追踪到的文件和证人描述了一幅不完整的图像,但这些信息却就公共利益提出了质疑。

谁受益?


对于金钟道财团的监督几乎不存在。十年前文森特以驱逐相威胁禁止外国公司公司在安哥拉发布常规数据,自从Sonangol发布了它的一些运营信息之后。石油合同被视为国家秘密,和财团交易的收入进入到一个由总统掌控的不透明的机构。这个账户甚至连部长们都不能接触。虽然Sonangol被一些标准合理的评分,例如收入,但它仍然被两家公司透明的游说机构透明国际和收入观察在反腐败方面排名垫底。

财团本身甚至更为不透明,从这些诱人的交易中最终获利的究竟是谁,获利多少从公开的记录中都无从知晓,财团的公司结构也异常复杂,各个公司并非垂直整合的——它不是一般意义上的集团。没有控股公司,虽然同样的人突然成为关联公司的董事,而这些公司通常都被注册在免税天堂的空壳公司所拥有。外人不可能知道最终的受益人。

所有的这些意味着财团玷污了中国近些年来崛起的一个转折点——走出去政策,当政策发挥作用时,非洲用资源换取援助和用意公共设施的商业融资和付款,但是因为财团的存在,大量本来用于学校、道路和医院建设的资金已经流失到私人账户,而非建设非洲匮乏的基础设施,中国的企业家和非洲精英统治者们似乎正在合谋利用这种发展模式作为他们掠夺的托辞。




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引用 leihuabing 2011-8-17 10:35
翻译的时候时间仓促,水平有限,难免有不当之处,还请各位指正!
引用 waynetai0 2011-8-17 14:23
They are said sometimes to bypass customs
据说,有时候他们避开海关
引用 chenchenchen 2011-8-17 14:41
and yet, as if he were conferring with a head of state, Mr Xi reassured his guest that China wants to “strengthen mutual political trust”.
然而,仿佛是在与一位国家首脑会谈一样,习主席再次向他的客人保证,中国想要“增强政治互信”。(本句中“he“为“Mr Xi“)
引用 chenchenchen 2011-8-17 14:43
along with Saudi Arabia
和沙特阿拉伯一样
引用 Somers 2011-8-17 18:43
Who benefits?
说受益?

谁受益?
引用 7colorwolf 2011-8-17 21:49
好长,翻得不错,拜读。

WHEN the man likely to become China’s next president meets an African oil executive, you would expect the dauphin to dominate the dealmaker. Not, though, with Manuel Vicente. On April 15th this year the chairman and chief executive of Sonangol, Angola’s state oil firm, strode into a room decorated with extravagant flowers in central Beijing and shook hands with Xi Jinping, the Chinese vice-president and probable next general secretary of the Communist Party. Mr Vicente holds no official rank in the Angolan government and yet, as if he were conferring with a head of state, Mr Xi reassured his guest that China wants to “strengthen mutual political trust”.

当那个有可能成为中国下一届国家主席的男人会见一个非洲石油公司总裁的时候,你可能认为这位皇太子会对这位签约人高高在上。但Manuel Vicente并没有受到这种对待。今年四月十五号,这位安哥拉国有石油公司主席及首席执行官大步走进北京一个用鲜花大肆装饰的房间,与中国国家副主席习近平握手。习有可能成为下一届的共产党总书记。文森特先生没有任何安哥拉政府头衔,然而,仿佛是在与一名国家首脑进行磋商,习先生向他保证中国想要“增强双方的政治互信”。
引用 七海的风 2011-8-18 00:22
世界一直都被阴谋所充斥着!!!
引用 1633894733 2011-8-18 01:25
谁受益?无需试问以明了。无意折腾、无谓抱怨,只是心有小点点的遗憾:当年红军路过俺家乡,俺老爸在追赶加入红军队伍的时候,偏偏前列腺发急要尿尿去了。。。就这样让俺与大家闺秀名门望族的身份证失之交臂,至今也不识这:益 字是个啥滋味的呢。汗 汗
引用 join_soon 2011-8-18 10:44
回复 leihuabing 的帖子


The Queensway syndicate and the Africa trade
金钟道财团和非洲贸易


Queensway China’s oil trade with Africa is dominated by an opaque syndicate. Ordinary Africans appear to do badly out of its hugely lucrative deals.
中国和非洲的石油贸易由一家不透明的财团所主导。普通非洲人似乎很大程度上被排除在了这宗极为赚钱的买卖之外


Aug 13th 2011 | from the print edition

WHEN the man likely to become China’s next president meets an African oil executive, you would expect the dauphin to dominate the dealmaker. Not, though, with Manuel Vicente. On April 15th this year the chairman and chief executive of Sonangol, Angola’s state oil firm, strode into a room decorated with extravagant flowers in central Beijing and shook hands with Xi Jinping, the Chinese vice-president and probable next general secretary of the Communist Party. Mr Vicente holds no official rank in the Angolan government and yet, as if he were conferring with a head of state, Mr Xi reassured his guest that China wants to “strengthen mutual political trust”.

当一个有可能成为下一任中国主席的人会见一个非洲石油公司总裁的时候,你会认为太子将主导和文森特的会谈,但显然不是。在今年的四月十五号,安哥拉国有石油公司主席和首席执行官步入一个位于北京用鲜花装饰的房间并和习近平握手,习近平是中国的副主席,他有可能成为下一届的共产党总书记。文森特先生没有安哥拉政府头衔,然而,他仿佛被授予国家首脑的头衔,习近平让他的客人确信中国想“增强政治互信”.

Angola—along with Saudi Arabia—is China’s largest oil supplier and that alone makes Mr Vicente an important man in Beijing. But he is also a partner in a syndicate founded by well-connected Cantonese entrepreneurs who, with their African partners, have taken control of one of China’s most important trade channels. Operating out of offices in Hong Kong’s Queensway, the syndicate calls itself China International Fund or China Sonangol. Over the past seven years it has signed contracts worth billions of dollars for oil, minerals and diamonds from Africa.

安哥拉—除了沙特阿拉伯—是中国大的石油供应者,这使得文森特在北京成为重要的客人。但是他也是一个财团的合伙人,这个财团由关系复杂的广东企业家创立的,这些企业家和他们的非洲合伙人们一起已经控制了中国一个最重要的贸易渠道。这个财团自称为中国国际基金,它在位于香港金钟道的办公室进行运作。在过去的七年中,它已经签署了来自于非洲的价值几十亿美元的石油、矿产和钻石合同。

These deals are shrouded in secrecy. However, they appear to grant the Queensway syndicate remarkably profitable terms. If that is right, then they would be depriving some of the world’s poorest people of desperately needed wealth. Because the syndicate has done deals with the regimes in strife-torn places, such as Zimbabwe and Guinea, it may also have indirectly helped sustain violent conflicts.

这些交易被蒙上秘密的色彩。然而,它们似乎给予金钟道的财团利润非常丰厚的条款。如果这是对的,它们将会剥夺一些世界上急需帮助的最贫穷的人的财富。因为财团已经和位于转乱地区的政权做了多笔生意,例如津巴布韦和几内亚,这也许间接的帮助维持暴力冲突。

The Economist repeatedly put these accusations to the people who feature in this article, asking for their side of the story. But—with one exception, noted below—we heard nothing. In short, it looks as if the fortunes of entire African countries depend to a significant degree on the actions of a little-known, opaque and unaccountable business syndicate. “Buccaneers are cutting themselves a large slice of Africa’s resource cake,” says Gavin Hayman of Global Witness, a watchdog that mapped the syndicate’s deals.

经济学人反复多次将这些指责摆在本文中提到的人面前,询问他们对于事情的看法。但是—除了一个例外,下文已提到—我们什么也没有得到。简而言之,整个非洲国家的财富看起来似乎很大程度上取决于一小部分知情者的行动——不透明,无法解释的财团。“投机商在非洲资源的大蛋糕上切下了一大块”,环球目击者的Gavin Hayman说到,这是一个发掘财团交易的监督组织。

The Queensway rules
金钟道规则


The syndicate is built on links forged during the cold war. It is largely the creation of a man known as Sam Pa. Though he uses several names, he was born Xu Jinghua. After attending a Soviet academy in Baku four decades ago, say people who have looked into his career, he traded with Angola during its civil war, which lasted from 1975 to 2002 and over the years was a proxy battleground for several outside powers, including China, America, Cuba, the Soviet Union and South Africa. Mr Pa is a private and rarely photographed person. His name appears in few syndicate documents. He is believed to exert control through Veronica Fung, who may be a member of his family. She controls 70% of a core company, Newbright International. The two frequently travel in Africa, using the syndicate’s fleet of Airbus jets. They are said sometimes to bypass customs.

这个财团是在冷战时期的结盟关系的基础之上建立起起来的,它在很大程度上是一个叫Sam Pa的人创立的,尽管他使用好几个名字,他出生时叫徐京华,在四十年前参加了一个位于苏联巴库的学院之后,他开始和处于内战状态的安哥拉进行贸易往来,据探究过他职业生涯的人说,这种贸易一直从1975年持续到2002年,在此期间成为包括中国、美国、古巴、苏联和南美洲在内的相互争抢的代理人。Pa先生是一个鲜为人知的并且很少有照片的人,他的名字出现在几份财团的文件里,他被认为通过Veronica Fung进行操控,而Veronica Fung可能是他的家庭成员,她控制了一个核心公司Newbright International70%的股权。他们经常乘坐财团的空客飞机到非洲旅行,据说他们有时候避开海关。

Mr Pa has several Chinese partners, according to a 2009 American congressional report. The daughter of a Chinese general, Lo Fong Hung, married to Wang Xiangfei, a well-connected banker, controls 30% of Newbright. Mrs Lo is the public face of China International Fund and China Sonangol. She is listed as a director of dozens of interconnected companies. The business’s operations were initially entrusted to the head of a privatised engineering firm from the mainland, Wu Yang. Later, African partners took over.

Pa 先生有几个中国合伙人,根据一份2009年美国国会的报告,罗方红,一位中国将军的女儿,嫁给了王翔飞(音译)—一位关系深厚的银行家。罗控制Newbright 30%的股权。罗女士是中国国际基金和安中资源的公开任务,她被几十家相互关联的公司列为董事。公司的运作最开始委托给一家来自中国大陆的私人工程公司的领导者吴洋(音译),后来被非洲合伙人接管了。

Although the Queensway syndicate has sometimes been suspected of being an arm of the Chinese government, there is little evidence of that. Indeed, it has often been the butt of criticism from Chinese officials. More likely it was set up to take advantage of a new strategy by the Chinese government, known as the “going out” policy. In 2002, after decades of commercial isolation, China started encouraging entrepreneurs to venture abroad. Short of contacts, Mr Pa teamed up with Hélder Bataglia, a Portuguese trader who had grown up in Angola and had links to Latin America. Together in 2004 they visited Néstor Kirchner, the president of Argentina, and Hugo Chávez, the president of Venezuela. Mr Chávez welcomed them on his weekly television show “Aló Presidente”, where Mr Pa grandiloquently declared: “This is an historic day because we are taking part in your programme.”

虽然金钟道的财团有时候被认为是中国政府的一部分,但却很少有证据能够证明,确实,它经常成为中国官员批评的对象,它更可能是被中国政府设立用来实施新战略,这种新战略被称为“走出去”政策,在2022年,经历了几十年的商业孤立之后,中国开始鼓励企业家到海外淘金。短暂的接触之后,Pa先生开始和Hélder Bataglia 合作,此人是一位在安哥拉长大的葡萄牙人,他和拉丁美洲也有联系。他们在2004年一起访问了阿根廷总统内斯托尔•基什内尔和委内瑞拉总统乌戈•查韦斯。查尔斯先生在他每周一次的电视秀“Aló Presidente”中欢迎他们的到来,Pa先生也高调的宣布:“这是历史性的一天,因为我们开始参与你们的项目。

The syndicate initialled several deals in Latin America but none of them came to much. The idea was to trade minerals for infrastructure—in return for commodities, Chinese contractors would build housing and highways. But Argentina and Venezuela already had a fair amount of both, so the syndicate turned to new markets.

这个财团在拉丁美洲做成了几笔生意,但每单生意并不大,大致的套路就是通过建设基础设施换取矿产,作为回报,中国的合同商将会建设房屋和高速公路,但因为阿根廷和委内瑞拉两者都比较健全,所以这个财团转向新的市场。
In late 2004 Mr Pa travelled to Angola. He knew President José Eduardo dos Santos, having first met him as a student in Baku and later traded with his guerrilla army. Mr Pa’s new partner, Mr Bataglia, also knew the guerrillas from having supplied them with food during the civil war. They were joined by a third trader, Pierre Falcone, a French Algerian who has long enjoyed close links with the Angolan elite and particularly the president.

在2004年底的时候,Pa先生旅行到了安哥拉,他认识总统若泽•爱德华多•多斯•桑托斯,还在巴库上学的时候他们见了第一面,后来和他的游击队武装进行过贸易往来,而Pa先生的合作伙伴Bataglia 先生也知道他的游击武装,Bataglia 先生曾在内战中给他们供应过食物。一个长期受到来自安哥拉上层精英分子尤其是总统欢迎的法裔阿尔及利亚人Pierre Falcone也加入了他们。
Together the men persuaded the Angolan elite to channel their fast-expanding oil exports to China through a new joint venture, called China Sonangol. Mr Vicente, boss of Angola’s Sonangol, became its chairman. Contracts, signed in 2005, gave the company the right to export Angolan oil and act as middleman between Sonangol and Sinopec, one of China’s oil majors.

他们三人一起说服安哥拉的精英们把他们孙素拓展的石油出口到中国,通过一个叫做中安资源的新的合伙公司,安哥拉使用公司Sonangol的的总裁文森特成为新公司的主席,在2005年签署的合同给予这个新公司出口安哥拉石油的权利,并且该公司也成为Sonangol公司和中国主要石油商中国石化的中间商。

China Sonangol threw itself into the business, according to Angolan oil ministry records and applications for bank loans backed by oil shipments. The official statistics are incomplete, but good sources have concluded that almost all of China’s imports of oil from Angola—worth more than $20 billion last year—come from China Sonangol. By contrast, China’s state-owned oil companies have no direct interest in Angolan oilfields, one of their two biggest sources of crude. Their names do not show up on the map of concessions.

中安资源马上投入到生意之中,根据安哥拉石油部的记录和由以石油运输作为抵押的银行贷款显示。虽然官方的统计数据不完整,但是可靠的消息来源称,去年中国从安哥拉进口的全部石油价值达200多亿美元全部来自于中安资源,作为对比,中国国有石油公司和安哥拉油田并没有直接的利益关系。安哥拉是中国的两个最重要的原油来源地之一,他们的名字在中国石油拥有进口特许权的题图上并没有显示。

To Guinea and Zimbabwe
对于几内亚的津巴布韦


By 2009 the syndicate was trading a lot of Angolan oil and decided to expand to other African countries. Mr Vicente, both head of the Angolan state oil company and of China Sonangol, flew to Guinea in 2009 to arrange a deal for the syndicate. One of the people he met was Mahmoud Thiam, Guinea’s minister of mines, whose government had come to power the same year in a coup. Mr Thiam is an American citizen who studied at Cornell University and had previously worked as a Wall Street banker at Merrill Lynch and UBS.

到2009年,这个财团已经进行了大量的石油贸易,并且决定将贸易拓展到非洲其它国家,安哥拉石油公司和中安资源的总裁文森特在2009年飞到几内亚为财团安排了一笔生意,几内亚的矿产部长Mahmoud Thiam是他会见的客人之一,他的政府在同一年里通过政变掌权,Thiam是一个毕业于美国康奈尔大学并在美林和瑞银工作过的华尔街银行家。

With Mr Thiam’s support, the syndicate won the chance to become a partner in a new national mining company. This would control the state’s share of existing projects and, much more important, gain control of future projects in what is a relatively undeveloped mineral territory. Guinea contains the world’s largest reserves of bauxite and its largest untapped reserves of high-grade iron ore. Under a contract signed by Mr Vicente, the syndicate got an 85% share in a venture called the African Development Corporation. The government received the other 15%. The venture won exclusive rights to new mineral concessions in Guinea, including the right to negotiate oil-production contracts in the Gulf of Guinea. In return, the syndicate promised to invest “up to $7 billion” in housing, transport and public utilities, according to the government of Guinea (GDP $4.5 billion).

通过Thiam的支持,这个财团赢得了成为一个新成立的国家矿产公司合伙人的机会,这将会控制现存项目的国有股份,更重要的是,获得未来控制一个矿产资源相对而言还未完全开发的领土的机会,几内亚拥有世界上最大的矾土储备和未被开发的高品位铁矿石资源,通过文森特签署的合约,财团获得一个叫做African Development Corporation公司的85%的股份,而政府持有另外15%的股份。这个公司拥有在几内亚的独家矿产开采特权,包括在几内亚海湾进行石油合约谈判的权利。作为回报,根据几内亚政府的消息(GDP 45亿美元),财团承诺投资多达七十亿美元在房屋、交通和公共设施上。

Ultimately this deal foundered on a Guinean election, but at the time the Queensway syndicate was so pleased that it reportedly gave Guinea’s military ruler a helicopter as a present. Mr Thiam began to travel with representatives for the syndicate—though in a response to our questions (and as the only person to reply to us) he says he was representing the Guinean government’s shareholding in the joint venture and he denies ever having become one of its employees. Mr Thiam went to Madagascar for the negotiation of a deal modelled on the one he made on Guinea’s behalf. Simultaneously, he carried on as mines minister for another year.

最终这宗交易在几内亚的大选中流产,但与此同时,金钟道的财团却很高兴,因为据报道他们将一架直升飞机作为礼物赠送给了几内亚的军事领袖。Thiam先生开始和财团的代表一起旅行—尽管再一次对我们的问题进行回应中(他是唯一回应我们的人)他说他是代表几内亚政府在合伙公司中进行控股,并且他否认成为财团的雇员。Thiam先生去了马达加斯加进行了另外一次谈判,而这次谈判和上次是一样的模式也是为了几内亚的利益,与此同时,他在下一年又继续担任矿产部长。

Around the same time, Zimbabwe also caught the syndicate’s eye. Mr Pa met Happyton Bonyongwe, the head of the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), the country’s notorious secret police, which helps to keep Robert Mugabe in power. Mr Pa’s plane frequently showed up at the Harare airport and he bought properties in the capital, including the 20-storey Livingstone House. His two original partners, Mrs Fong and Mrs Lo, became directors in a new company, called Sino-Zimbabwe Development Limited, which received rights to extract oil and gas, and to mine gold, platinum and chromium. In return, the company publicly promised to build railways, airports and public housing. These pledges were valued at $8 billion by Mr Mugabe’s government.

几乎在同一时间,津巴布韦也吸引了财团的眼球,Pa先生会见了中央情报机构(CIO)的领导人Happyton Bonyongwe,CIO是这个国家臭名昭著的秘密警察机构,帮助Robert Mugabe掌权,Pa先生的飞机经常出现在Harare机场,并且他在首都买下了房产,包括一栋20层的Livingstone House,他最初的两个合伙人Fong女士和罗女士成为了一家名为中津发展有限公司的董事,这个公司被给予开采石油和天然气的权利还有金矿、铂金和铬,作为回报,公司公开承诺修建高速公路、机场和公共住房,这些承诺被Mugabe政府估价八十亿美元。

By 2009 the Queensway syndicate spanned the globe from Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire to Russia and North Korea and on to Indonesia, Malaysia and America. It had bought the JPMorgan Chase building at 23 Wall Street in New York.
到2009年金钟道的财团已经横扫全球,从坦桑尼亚和科特迪瓦到俄罗斯和北朝鲜再到印度尼西亚,马来西亚和美洲。它已经买下了JP摩根位于纽约华尔街23号的Chase大楼。

A sad, sad Songangol
令人遗憾的Songangol


Nobody should begrudge an entrepreneur commercial success. And China needs the raw materials that the Queensway syndicate can supply. However, there are three worries about the syndicate’s conduct.

人们不该嫉妒一个企业家商业上的成功,并且金钟道的财团也能够提供中国需要的原材料,然而,关于这个财团有三点担忧。

The first is personal gain. The terms under which China Sonangol buys oil from Angola have never been made public. However, several informed observers say that the syndicate gets the oil from the Angolan state at a low price that was fixed in 2005 and sells it on to China at today’s market prices. The price at which the contract was fixed is confidential, but Brent crude stood at just under $55 a barrel in 2005; today it is trading above $100. In other words, the syndicate’s mark up could be substantial. Over the years, considering the volume of oil that is being sold to China, its profit could amount to tens of billions of dollars. The Economist ’s requests for comment have gone unanswered. No public statement suggests the terms have been renegotiated since 2005.

首先是个人利益,中安资源从安哥拉购买石油的合同条款从来没有公开,然而,几位知情的观察家说,财团以2005年定下的低价从安哥拉买进石油,却以现在的市场价在中国卖出,合同固定的成交价格是个秘密,但布伦特原油在2005年每桶不到55美元,而今天的成交价则超过100美元,换句话说,财团的利润很大。在过去一些年里,以它已经卖给中国的石油计量,它的利润可能多达几百亿美元。经济学人要求对此给予评论的请求没有得到回复,没有公开的声明显示在2005年后双方就合同条款进行了重新的谈判。

In return for Angolan oil, the syndicate promised to build infrastructure, including low-cost housing, public water-mains, hydroelectric plants, cross-country roads and railways, according to the government. The country desperately needs such things, to be sure. But their value is unlikely to exceed several billion dollars. That looks like a poor deal for the Angolan people.

作为多安哥拉石油的回报,根据政府的信息显示,财团承诺建设基础设施,包括低成本的房屋,公共用水管道,高压电场跨国公路和铁路。毫无疑问,这些都是国家需要的,但它们的价值不会超过几十亿美元,这看起来对于安哥拉人民来说并不是一桩好买卖。

In Angola accusations of personal enrichment percolate up towards the top of the state structure. In 2006 the head of the external intelligence service, General Fernando Miala, alleged that $2 billion of Chinese money intended for infrastructure projects had disappeared. He claimed that the funds had been transferred to private accounts in Hong Kong by senior officials, though without naming people mentioned in this article. The general was swiftly sacked, tried and imprisoned (he may, however, now be about to make a comeback to government).

在安哥拉,对个人非法支付的指控已经开始在上层统治者间渗透。在2006年,外部情报服务部门的领导Fernando Miala被指控二十亿元用来建设基础设施的人民币资金消失了。他宣称资金已经通过高层官员转移到位于香港的私人账户。尽管没有在他的文章中提及姓名。他很快被解雇了,通过审判被投入监狱(他现在也许已经回到政府中了)。


Parts of the Angola-China oil trade appear to be contaminated by conflicts of interest. The Angolan president’s son is said to be a director of China Sonangol, the main trading partner of the state oil company. The Economist’s requests for comment to the companies went unanswered. As well as running both the state oil company and its main customer, Mr Vicente is a director of private shell companies linked to the syndicate. Although these may exist for tax purposes, a report on foreign corruption, prepared last year by the American Senate, reveals that Sonangol was deemed so corrupt in 2003 that Citibank closed all its accounts. The report also says that Mr Vicente personally owns 5% of Sonangol’s house bank which has assets worth $8.2 billion. According to the IMF and the World Bank, billions of dollars have disappeared from Sonangol’s accounts. At one point, Sonangol awarded Mr Vicente a 1% ownership stake in the company he chairs. He was forced to give it back after a public outcry in Angola.

安哥拉和中国的部分石油贸易似乎已经被利益冲突所玷污,安哥拉总统的儿子据说是中安资源的董事,而中安资源则是国有石油公司的主要贸易伙伴,经济学人请求对此予以评论,但没有得到答复。文森特是一家和财团有密切联系的空壳私人公司的董事,他也同时是国有石油公司的领导者。尽管它们存在的目的可能是避税,去年美国参议院准备的一份关于海外腐败的报告中显示,在2003年Sonangol公司被认为非常腐败,以至于花旗银行关闭了它所有的账户。这份报告也显示,文森特个人持有Sonangol的总资产达82亿美元的house bank的5%的股份。根据世界货币基金组织和世界银行的信息,几十亿美元已经从Sonangol的账户中消失。在某次,Sonangol奖励文森特他担任主席的公司1%的股份,但在公众的斥责声中他被迫返还。

In Guinea criticism is focused on the former mines minister. An unpublished 2009 WikiLeaks cable quotes an American mining executive, whose company stood to lose business in Guinea because of the syndicate, complaining that Mr Thiam has “personally benefited from promoting [the] China International Fund”. Mr Thiam denies this. As a former Wall Street banker, he already had money before he returned to the country of his birth.

在几内亚,批评主要集中在前任矿产部长。一份2009年为公开的维基解密电文引用了一家美国矿产公司执行官的话,他抱怨到Thiam先生已经“从促成中国国际基金达成交易的过程中获益”。这家美国公司因为财团的存在而生意失利。Thiam先生却对此否认。作为一个华尔街银行家,在他返回他出生的国家时他就已经有很多钱了。

The deserted railway
荒废的铁路


The second complaint about the Queensway syndicate is that in Africa it has failed to meet many of the obligations it took on to win mining licences. Zimbabwe is still awaiting even a fraction of its promised infrastructure. Guinea never received the 100 public buses that were meant to arrive within 45 days of the 2009 deal.

第二个对于金钟道财团的抱怨是它并没有履行它在赢得矿产开采执照时许下的很多诺言。津巴布韦荏苒在等待哪怕是一部分它所承诺的基础设施建设,几内亚从来没有收到一百辆公共汽车,而这应该是在2009年交易达成之后的45天之内就该交付的。

The situation in Angola is more complicated, though also disappointing. Chinese contractors have built some housing and railway lines and the projects were at first financed by the syndicate. Signs saying “China International Fund” appeared on construction sites. But in recent years they have been replaced by those of other Chinese companies. According to Western diplomats and Chinese businessmen, the syndicate stopped paying bills for more than eight months in 2007. All work stopped, 2,000 Angolan day labourers were fired on the Benguela railway project and only a Chinese cook remained on duty. Western diplomats suspected the syndicate was banking on being bailed out by the Angolan government, which had staked its legitimacy on infrastructure development. Soon enough, the government issued treasury bonds worth $3.5 billion to finance the projects. Subcontractors are now paid directly by the Angolan state.

在安哥拉的情况更为复杂,尽管也很令人失望。中国的合同上已经建造了一些房屋和铁路线并且这些项目最开始是由财团注资的。写着“中国国际基金”的标语出现在建筑施工点。但在近些年,他们已经被其他中国公司所取代,根据西方外交官和中国让人的消息,财团在2007年已经停止支付账单超过八个月了,所有的工作已经停止,2000名Benguela铁路项目的安哥拉工人已经被解雇,仅有一名中国厨师留守负责。西方外交官怀疑财团指望安哥拉政府出面注资,安哥拉政府的合法性来源于基础设施的发展,很快,政府发行了35亿美元的政府债卷来资助工程项目,工程的分包商现在直接由安哥拉政府付款。

Six years after the syndicate arrived more than 90% of the residents of the capital, Luanda, remain without running water. Meanwhile, the syndicate has continued to prosper.

财团抵达后的流年,安哥拉首都卢安达超过90%的居民依然没有自来水,在此期间财团依旧繁荣。

The third complaint against the Queensway syndicate is that its cash props up certain political leaders and thereby fuels violent conflicts. For instance, in Guinea the syndicate came to the rescue of the junta. In September 2009 government men went on the rampage, raping women by the score and massacring more than 150 protesters in a sports stadium, which triggered EU and African Union sanctions. A month later, the syndicate signed its minerals deal, transferring $100m to the cash-strapped junta. Bashir Bah, a member of the opposition, condemned the deal. “First of all it is immoral, and second of all it is illegal,” he said.

对于财团的第三个抱怨是来自原财团的现金支持某些政治领袖,因此助长了暴力冲突,例如,在几内亚,财团给予军事团体以援助,在2009年九月继续他们的暴行,强奸妇女并且在一个体育馆里屠杀了超过150名抗议者,这引发了欧盟和非盟的制裁,一个月后,财团签署了矿产合约,将一亿资金转移给军事团体。一名反对者Bashir Bah谴责这宗交易,他说:“首先它是不道德的,第二它是不合法的”。

The deal caused outrage even inside the government. The prime minister, Kabine Komara, a relatively powerless figure, protested about ministers’ conduct to other officials. A memo from the prime minister’s office, dated November 26th and leaked to Global Witness, declared: “The council of ministers did not discuss or bring up the question of creating a national mining company. What’s more it is not acceptable that a foreign company could become a shareholder in such a company, as it would grant the company, ipso facto, the ownership of all the current and future wealth of the country.” Mr Thiam denies any knowledge of Mr Komara’s complaint.

交易甚至引起了政府内部的震怒,政府总理Kabine Komara,一个相对而言无权的任务,对其他官员抗议部长的行为,一份来源于首先办公室显示日期为11月26日备忘录泄露到全球目击者手里,备忘录宣称:“部长委员会没有讨论或者质疑创办一个国有矿产公司,更不能接受的是一个外国公司能够成为这样一个公司的股东,这将会事实上赋予这家公司整个国家现在和将来的财富的所有权”。 Thiam先生说对于Komara的抱怨并不知情。

According to international institutions, the military leaders, who backed Mr Thiam, needed the syndicate’s money if they were to hold on to power. A World Bank official told Western diplomats the junta would “sell the country short on mining revenues and tell the international donors to get lost”. The junta eventually fell and, following elections last year, the minerals deal is now in limbo.

根据国际机构的消息,支持Thiam先生的军事领导人需要财团的前,如果他们掌权的话,一位世界银行的官员告诉西方外交官,军事团体将会出卖国家以换取矿产收入,并且告诉国际捐助者忽略这些,军事团体在去年的大选之后最终倒台,而矿产交易现在则处于不确定状态。

In Zimbabwe the situation is even more egregious. The finance minister, an opposition member of the governing coalition, has blocked extra funding for the CIO, presumably because it backs Mr Mugabe. And yet, it is suddenly flush with cash. In recent months it has reportedly doubled the salaries of agents, acquired hundreds of new off-road vehicles and trained thousands of militiamen who are now in a position to intimidate voters during next year’s elections. Several sources who have looked at the deal concluded that the money came from Mr Pa. They say he struck a side deal with the CIO that gives him access to Zimbabwe’s vast diamond wealth—controlled in part by the CIO. The diamonds were for some years banned from reaching international markets because of global industry prohibitions over violence routinely inflicted on Zimbabwean miners. Yet, Mr Pa is said to buy them and apparently makes payments directly to the CIO, bypassing government coffers.
Little is certain about China Sonangol and China International Fund. Our repeated questions to the companies and their representatives went unanswered. The documents and witnesses we tracked down around the world paint an incomplete picture. But they raise questions of immense public interest.

在津巴布韦情况甚至更为惊人,财政部长,作为一名政府联盟的反对者,已经阻止资金注入CIO,此举被推测为支持Mugabe。然而却突然拥有很多现金,据报道,最近几个月,它已经将代理人的工资翻番,获得数百辆新汽车并且训练了几千名军事人员。这些人用来在下一年的选举中胁迫投票人。几个关注交易的消息来源称,这些钱来源于Pa先生,消息说他和CIO达成交易以换取津巴布韦大量的钻石财富——这些财富部分是由CIO控制,而这些钻石多年来是被禁止进入国际市场的,因为国际市场禁止暴力,而那些暴力却经常被津巴布韦的矿工所忍受。据说Pa先生买下了他们,显然是直接支付给CIO,避开政府的保险箱,对于中安资源和中国国际基金很少有消息可以确定。我们多次质疑该公司,他们的代表人均未答复,我们在全球追踪到的文件和证人描述了一幅不完整的图像,但这些信息却就公共利益提出了质疑。

Who benefits?
谁受益?


Oversight of the Queensway syndicate’s businesses is almost non-existent. A decade ago Mr Vicente forbade foreign oil companies in Angola to publish even routine data, on threat of ejection. Since then Sonangol has published some information on its operations. But oil contracts are treated as state secrets. Revenues from deals with the syndicate go to an opaque agency controlled by the president whose accounts are off-limits even to government ministers. Although Sonangol scores reasonably for some criteria, such as revenue, in rankings by Transparency International and Revenue Watch, two lobbies for corporate openness, it still receives bottom rankings for safeguards against corruption.

对于金钟道财团的监督几乎不存在。十年前文森特以驱逐相威胁禁止外国公司公司在安哥拉发布常规数据,自从Sonangol发布了它的一些运营信息之后。石油合同被视为国家秘密,和财团交易的收入进入到一个由总统掌控的不透明的机构。这个账户甚至连部长们都不能接触。虽然Sonangol被一些标准合理的评分,例如收入,但它仍然被两家公司透明的游说机构透明国际和收入观察在反腐败方面排名垫底。

The syndicate itself is even more opaque. Who ultimately benefits by how much from the lucrative deals is not clear from public records. The syndicate’s corporate structure is fiendishly complex. Individual companies are not vertically integrated—it is not a group in the usual sense. There is no holding company, though the same people keep cropping up as directors in the records of affiliated companies, which are often owned by shell companies registered in lightly regulated tax shelters. Final beneficial ownership is impossible for an outsider to establish.

财团本身甚至更为不透明,从这些诱人的交易中最终获利的究竟是谁,获利多少从公开的记录中都无从知晓,财团的公司结构也异常复杂,各个公司并非垂直整合的——它不是一般意义上的集团。没有控股公司,虽然同样的人突然成为关联公司的董事,而这些公司通常都被注册在免税天堂的空壳公司所拥有。外人不可能知道最终的受益人。

All this means that the syndicate taints China’s “going out” policy, a cornerstone of the country’s rise in recent years. When the policy works, African resources are swapped for aid, commercial financing and payments in kind such as public infrastructure. But with the syndicate, billions of dollars meant for schools, roads and hospitals have apparently ended up in private accounts. Rather than fixing Africa’s lack of infrastructure, Chinese entrepreneurs and Africa’s governing elites look as if they are conspiring to use the development model as a pretext for plunder.

所有的这些意味着财团玷污了中国近些年来崛起的一个转折点——走出去政策,当政策发挥作用时,非洲用资源换取援助和用意公共设施的商业融资和付款,但是因为财团的存在,大量本来用于学校、道路和医院建设的资金已经流失到私人账户,而非建设非洲匮乏的基础设施,中国的企业家和非洲精英统治者们似乎正在合谋利用这种发展模式作为他们掠夺的托辞。



引用 lord_loro 2011-8-18 23:27
本帖最后由 lord_loro 于 2011-8-18 23:28 编辑

JPMorgan Chase building 摩根大通大厦
Morgan和Chase不应该分开。

hydroelectric plants 水电站
引用 lgxhhh 2011-8-20 09:05
好长……厉害

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