[2011.09.03] 中国特色私有化

引用 blackjasmine 2011-9-2 18:54

大家尽情砸吧！
第三段有半句which means “changing the system”没有翻出来，因为这句是解释给外国人不懂“改制”什么意思，但是中国人肯定看得懂嘛，所以就不翻出来了。

引用 join_soon 2011-9-3 05:06

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很不错。大点的问题只有几个，marked in bold red。

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Government and business in China
中国政府和中国商业

Privatisation with Chinese characteristics
中国特色私有化

The hidden costs of state capitalism
国家资本主义的潜在成本

Sep 3rd 2011 | from the print edition



AFTER a deadly high-speed train crash in Zhejiang province in July, the authorities sent bulldozers to bury the wreckage. The crash was an embarrassment; a reminder that China’s state-directed rush to modernise has involved cut corners, shoddy safety standards and a staggering amount of corruption. That contradicted the official storyline, in which China has become the world’s second-largest economy thanks to the Communist Party’s wise guidance. Rather than grapple with awkward counter-evidence, the party tried to bury it.

七月份浙江严重动车相撞事故之后，政府当局命令推土机掩埋动车残骸。这场事故让中国政府颜面尽失，同时也提醒着人们中国在政府主导型现代化进程中，要警惕已出现的抄近路、安全标准低下以及贪污猖獗等现象。这些现象却与中国官方故事线相矛盾，在官方的叙述里，中国在共产党的英明领导下已经成为世界第三大经济体。但对于这些矛盾，中共并非力图推翻这些拙劣的反面证据而是试图掩埋证据。

No wonder it is so hard to judge China’s state-led economic model. The government’s actions lie hidden beneath hundreds of tonnes of secrecy, and beyond easy measurement. But as our briefing this week makes clear, China’s semi-privatised companies are both more varied and less admirable than is popularly understood.

难怪要评判中国的政府主导型经济发展模式是如此之难。政府的行为掩藏在成千上万的机密下，难以估量。但是正如我们本周简报中清楚报道的，中国的半私有化公司比起普遍所认为的那样，一面变得更加多样化，一面却又变得不再那么让人敬佩了。

Under Mao, it was simple. The government controlled everything and ran it into the ground. Those days are gone. Since 1993 Beijing has encouraged gaizhi for state-owned enterprises, which means “changing the system”. Between 1995 and 2001 the number of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises fell by nearly two-thirds, from 1.2m to 468,000, and the proportion of urban workers employed in the state sector fell by nearly half, from 59% to 32%. Yet gaizhi is not simply a euphemism for “privatisation”; it has also created a variety of public-private hybrids.

放在毛泽东时代，这些事情很简单。政府掌控一切，然后搞砸一切。然而时过境迁。自1993年以来，北京一直鼓励国有企业“改制” which means “changing the system”.。1995年至2001年期间，国有企业和国有控股企业的数量下降了近三分之二，从120万家降到46.8万家。国营部门聘用的城镇工人比例也缩水了近一半，从59%降到32%。然而改制不单单是“私有化”的委婉说法，它也创造出了各种各样的公私“杂交品种”。

At one end of the spectrum are the giant state-controlled enterprises in industries which the government considers “strategic”, such as banking, telecoms or transport. Such firms may have sold minority stakes to private investors, but they operate more or less like government ministries. Examples include China Construction Bank, a huge backer of infrastructure projects, and China Mobile, a big mobile-phone carrier.

处在金字塔尖的是政府眼中的“战略性”行业里的大型国有企业，比如说银行业、通信或交通。这类企业一般只会出售少数股份给私人投资者，而他们或多或少地像政府部门一样运行着。像基础设施建设的巨大赞助商——中国建设银行，以及大型移动通信运营商——中国移动都是这样的例子。

Next come the joint ventures between private (often foreign) companies and Chinese state-backed entities. Typically, the foreign firm brings technology and its Chinese partner provides access to the Chinese market. Joint ventures are common in fields such as carmaking, logistics and agriculture.

接下来一层就是私人公司（通常是外企）和以中国政府为后盾的实体间的合资企业。一般而言，外企提供技术，中方伙伴则提供进入中国市场的渠道。这类合资企业在汽车制造业、物流业和农业很普遍。

A third group of firms appears to be fully private, in that the government owns no direct stake in them. Their bosses are not political appointees, and they are rewarded for commercial success rather than meeting political goals. But they are still subject to frequent meddling. If they are favoured, state-controlled banks will provide them with cheap loans and bureaucrats will nobble their foreign competitors. Such meddling is common in areas such as energy and the internet.

第三集团的企业则看起来是完全私有的，政府没有直接参股。这些企业的老板不是政治势力任命的，商业成就激励着他们前进而不是政治目标。然而，他们仍然常常遭受干预。如果他们受到政府偏爱，国有银行就会向他们提供低利率贷款，而且政府官僚会帮着蒙骗他们的外国竞争者。这样的干预在能源和互联网等领域很常见。

A fourth flavour of Chinese firm is fuelled by investment by local government, often through municipally owned venture-capital or private-equity funds. These funds typically back businesses that dabble in clean tech or hire locals.

第四类中国企业是地方政府投资的，其资金通常来源于市政风险资本或【市政】私募股权基金。这些资金通常支持企业涉猎清洁能源领域或为当地人创造岗位。

These firms with their various sorts of state influence have several strengths. They invest patiently, unruffled by the short-term demands of the stockmarket. They help the government pursue its long-term goals, such as finding alternatives to fossil fuels. They build the roads, bridges, dams, ports and railways that China needs to sustain its rapid economic growth.

这些受政府影响不同的企业有着各自不同的力量。他们或耐心投资，静心应对股市短期需求；他们或帮助政府完成长期目标，如寻找化石燃料替代品；他们或兴建道路、桥梁、大坝、港口、铁路，以支持中国经济的高速增长。

Crowding out the true bamboo capitalists
排挤真正的中国式资本主义

But statism has big costs, too. The first is corruption. When local bigwigs can award contracts to firms which they themselves control, graft spreads like bird flu. Sometimes well-connected shell firms take a fat cut and then pass the real work on to subcontractors, with scant regard for standards. The second problem is that big state-backed enterprises crowd out small entrepreneurial ones. They gobble up capital that China’s genuinely private firms could use far more efficiently, amassing bad debts that will eventually cause China big trouble. They rig the game in other ways, too, enjoying privileged access to land and permits. Small private firms are often unsure whether what they do is even legal. The rise of local-government venture funds creates yet more opportunities for abuse. Some of these funds will invest wisely, but many will pursue non-commercial goals, from job creation to crony enrichment.

但是国家主义也是成本巨大。首先是腐败。一旦地方权贵可以将承包合同奖励给他们自己控制的企业，贪污就会像禽流感一样蔓延开。有的时候，关系到位的壳公司在抽取大笔利润后，将真正的工作交给第二承包商，并且很少去管工程标准。第二个问题是大型国有企业挤压小型企业。他们鲸吞资本（真正的私营企业反而能更有效率的使用这些资本），积累坏账，最终会致使中国陷入大麻烦。他们也利用其他办法操纵着游戏规则，从而享受土地和许可证方面的特权。这样使得小型私有企业往往不确定自己的行为是否合法。地方政府风险基金的增加也会导致滥用资本的机会更多。一些资金投资得很精明，但许多资金投入是为了追求非商业目标，或者是为了创造岗位，或者是为了拉近关系。

None of this has stopped China from growing at a dizzying pace. But the quality of growth matters too, as the middle-class protesters in Zhejiang indicate (see article). China’s leaders should beware the hidden costs of state capitalism.

这一切都不能阻止中国急速发展。但是发展的质量也是至关重要的，这一点我们可以从浙江中产阶级的抗议声中看出。中国的领导应当警惕国家资本主义隐藏在背后的成本。

引用 shiyi18 2011-9-3 09:16

第二大经济体吧

引用 blu 2011-9-3 10:03

this essay surely unraveled some of the side effect of the  state capitalism,but I expect a deeper exploration.

引用 blackjasmine 2011-9-3 11:52

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我错了。。我改过。。

引用 qazcvbplm 2011-9-3 16:08

静观其“变”

引用 ellain 2011-9-3 16:31

学习了版主的翻译呢
有几处觉得有更加妥当的翻译：
1 AFTER a deadly high-speed train crash in Zhejiang province in July
这里的deadly LZ翻为严重的，个人觉得翻为“伤亡惨重”更贴切
2 Rather than grapple with awkward counter-evidence, the party tried to bury it.
awkward不仅表示LZ翻译的“拙劣”，它还有其他意思“causing or feeling uneasy embarrassment or inconvenience”，所以这里可以翻为“难堪的”
试译：中国共产党企图掩盖这些，而不是力图推翻难堪的反面证据。
3 The government controlled everything and ran it into the ground.
run oneself into ground:exhaust oneself by working or running very hard
LZ的翻译为：搞砸一切
某以为，可以这样翻：政府掌控一切，累得精疲力竭

引用 xingzd2011 2011-9-4 09:10

0 0

引用 nuke19 2011-9-4 17:32

That contradicted the official storyline
这些现象却与中国官方故事线相矛盾

故事线？中文中貌似没有此种说法吧。

翻译成“这些现象却与中国官方说法相矛盾
”会不会好点？

引用 blackjasmine 2011-9-6 19:30

回复 join_soon 的帖子

非常感谢你专业细致的指正。这两天坐火车回学校没来得及回复。
第三大经济体、市政私募股权基金以及various sorts of state influence 都已改正过来。
其他几处，鄙人仍有疑问。
1. which means "changing the system"这句本来就是解释给英文读者听的，因为他们不知道拼音的“gaizhi”是什么，而中国人只要翻出“改制”这个词就知道是什么意思了。这个分句的功能已经达到了，为什么还要多此一举翻译出来呢？
2. both more varied and less admirable 翻成“一面变得……，一面却又变得……”这个有什么问题？我觉得没错啊？求明解~
3.crony enrichment翻成拉近关系我也想不出问题在哪儿？求明解~
再次感谢指正~

引用 blackjasmine 2011-9-6 19:42

回复 ellain 的帖子

谢谢你的建议，非常好，前两点已经根据你的改译修正了。
但是第三点，我不认同你的看法了。
run it into the ground的定义是
1.if something such as an activity or a plan runs into the ground, it fails
2.to treat something so badly or use something so much that you destroy it
参见http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/run+into+the+ground
所以我还是比较倾向于“搞砸一切”。但是我觉得我这个译法还是觉得不太满意。

引用 blackjasmine 2011-9-6 19:49

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“故事线”的确在中文里的使用率不太高哈。那我改成“故事情节”好了。“官方说法”自然也对，但是原文用storyline本来就是一种很冷的幽默，所以直译成故事情节会比官方说法好点吧。

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