[2011.04.14] 监管“城市卫士”

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-16 21:38

according to the five officers who have pleaded guilty to taking part in the shooting or helping to whitewash the police investigation of it.这5人分别被控参与射击或对警方的调查隐瞒犯罪事实。???
评论： pleaded guilty to 是对某罪名认罪。不是被控.

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-16 21:50

It has been at least six years since an internal investigation found that an officer had fired his gun unnecessarily, though violations are common.虽然违规使用武力的现象十分常见，但一项内部调查发现一名警官不必要地开枪射击却6年多时间不予处理。??? (语气逻辑好像不对啊？哪里有不予处理？）
评论： though = yet or however， found = declared as a conclusion
内部调查判定一名警官开枪属不必要已经6年多了， 但是如此违规仍然成风。

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-16 21:55

paid-detail 有偿特遣

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-16 21:57

本帖最后由 yannanchen 于 2011-4-16 21:58 编辑

the detail system 就是上文的paid-detail 有偿特遣，
翻译时应统一， 好让中文读者不糊涂。

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 06:13

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根据5名已经认罪警察的招供，受害者都是手无寸铁的无辜市民。这5人分别被控参与射击或对警方的调查隐瞒犯罪事实。

已经有了。

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 06:22

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It has been at least six years since an internal investigation found that an officer had fired his gun unnecessarily, though violations are common.虽然违规使用武力的现象十分常见，但一项内部调查发现一名警官不必要地开枪射击却6年多时间不予处理。??? (语气逻辑好像不对啊？哪里有不予处理？）
评论： though = yet or however， found = declared as a conclusion
内部调查判定一名警官开枪属不必要已经6年多了， 但是如此违规仍然成风。

不予处理是根据文章逻辑得出的结论。前面的违法行为不予处理，才无法以儆效尤，出现了违规成风的现象。这应该符合逻辑吧？调查可以“发现”，但调查不能“判定”。

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-17 11:28

internal investigation , aslo known as internal affairs investigation, 是警察局内部检控警察的重要部门。 权力极大。 可以“判定”
见http://www.shouselaw.com/internal-affairs-investigation.html
1. How do internal affairs investigations work?
Internal affairs investigations are law enforcement agency investigations into possible misconduct and/or criminal activity by their officers.



Administrative versus criminal investigations



Administrative internal affairs investigations focus on whether an officer has engaged in noncriminal work-related misconduct.

"They are internal matters that can result in termination, suspension or other discipline," explains former Banning Police Department sergeant and California internal affairs investigations defense lawyer Michael Scafiddi.

Criminal IA units examine whether an officer has committed a crime. They can result in criminal prosecution and prison time.

Let's look at a few examples to see the difference:



Example: A Southern California resident files a complaint against Officer Carroll alleging harassment and foul language. This is a disciplinary matter, not a criminal one. The department's internal IA division will investigate to determine if Officer Carroll violated department rules.

Change the facts: Officer Carroll is suspected of stealing and selling narcotics obtained during the course of his peace officer duties. The allegations are criminal in nature, so the department's criminal IA division will investigate it.

To avoid tainting a possible prosecution, any administrative investigation arising out of the alleged police misconduct is generally handled by a separate unit or postponed until after the criminal investigation is finished.2

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-17 11:44

police captain 警察上尉？？？
分区的巡官

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-17 11:48

本帖最后由 yannanchen 于 2011-4-17 11:51 编辑

A perp walk for the enforcers 对执法者以儆效尤的行动？？？

什么叫做a perp walk？ 将罪犯游街示众。

所以， 是不是  把执法者拿出来游街示众 ？

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-17 11:49

The term perp walk is an American slang term which refers to the police practice of intentionally parading an arrested suspect (or "perp", short for "perpetrator") through a public place so that the media may observe and record the event. The suspect is typically handcuffed or otherwise restrained, and is often dressed in prison garb.

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 12:52

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internal investigation , aslo known as internal affairs investigation, 是警察局内部检控警察的重要部门。 权力极大。 可以“判定”

Criminal IA units examine whether an officer has committed a crime. They can result in criminal prosecution and prison time.
Let's look at a few examples to see the difference:
Example: A Southern California resident files a complaint against Officer Carroll alleging harassment and foul language. This is a disciplinary matter, not a criminal one. The department's internal IA division will investigate to determine if Officer Carroll violated department rules.

internal investigation 是对警务人员的内部调查（或审查）。Criminal IA units 才是刑事犯罪调查部门；至于违纪，还有许多相应的调查部门。
我上贴的意思是说汉语的表达中，调查可以“发现”问题，但只有根据调查得到的证据才能做出“判定”。

引用 yannanchen 2011-4-17 13:03

http://www.northescambia.com/?p=48987
Internal Investigation: Tate Sexual Assault Case Was Handled Properly
March 25, 2011
An internal probe by the Escambia County School District says school officials acted properly and timely when reporting an alleged March 1 sexual assault  at Tate High School.

According to a memo released by Superintendent Malcolm Thomas, the internal investigation concluded:■School officials did report the incident to law enforcement in an appropriate and timely manner.
■Law enforcement received the full cooperation of school officials.
■There is a need for additional training for school district personnel in the areas of evidence collection and statutes pertaining to age of students involved in special victim criminal offenses.
Raymond Eugene Teamer, 16, is charged with exposing himself and sexually assaulting a 14-year old student in a classroom of students about 11:30 a.m. on March 1. Teamer remains in the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice awaiting trail on April 13. The teacher, Pam Saxton, told investigators that she did not see what happened in her reading classroom.

The report by John Dobbs, the school district’s investigator, found that the incident was reported the morning of March 2 to the Tate school resource officer (SRO), a deputy with the Escambia County Sheriff’s Office assigned to campus.  Sheriff David Morgan, speaking to NorthEscambia.com and other media outlets, has contended that the Sheriff’s Office was not notified of the incident until March 4 — three days later.

Dobbs initiated his investigator March 17 at the request of Thomas. The investigation found that:■Tate High officials did not delay notification to law enforcement, reporting the incident to the SRO on duty on early on March 2. “The SRO indicated he would collect available investigative data and file his report upon his return to the Tate campus on Friday.”
■The SRO filed his report on March 4, using the investigative results of the school district.
■No district policies or laws were broken regarding the reporting of the incident.
■Tate High School has two SRO. One, Officer Small, was assigned patrol road duty the school day of March 3 before returning to school and filing the report on March 4. Officer Singletary was on patrol road duty on March 2.
■Officer Small  “was counseled for inadequate documentation in the report filed with ECSO. All information used in the preparation of this ECSO report was drawn from the District
investigation documentation and comprised all available information related to the incident at the time of the ECSO report”.
■“The communication and cooperation between the SRO and Tate was superb after the discovery of the incident and identification of involved parties.”
■During the incident, the teacher was “involved in the direct instruction of three groups of students”. There were 20 students in the class, one group at the teacher’s table undergoing direct instruction, a second group using computer-based instruction, and a third in independent reading instruction. The report states the incident occurred among the students using computers while the teacher was instructing another group of students.
■“It is reasonable to believe the teacher’s view of the unlawful incident could be unintentionally and partially obscured by seated students under direct instruction,” the report states.
■“There is no indication the teacher had any  knowledge of this incident, or that students intentionally blocked the teacher’s view at this time. The lack of immediate notification by any student of the incident to the teacher leads to a reasonable belief that knowledge of the incident was intentionally withheld from the teacher and later the investigating Tate staff member.”
■During the first investigation by Tate High School Staff, all students interviewed denied observing or participating in any inappropriate or unlawful behavior. After additional
information was received by Tate officials and a second series of interviews was conducted by Tate Staff, the students who were involved or adjacent to the incident indicated the incident did occur. There is no indication that all students in the class had knowledge and withheld that information, however, several students intentionally withheld information during the first investigation.
■“There is no indication at this time that any district employee violated any policy, procedure or law in the immediate response by Tate High School Staff to this unlawful incident.”

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 13:13

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根据维基百科的解释
In most U.S. police departments, the rank of Captain is immediately above lieutenant. A Police Captain is often the officer in charge of a precinct. In the New York City Police Department, the rank of Captain is below deputy inspector. Unlike the military version, where the rank of Captain may be held by junior officers with 4–6 years of service, Police and Fire Captains are usually veterans with extensive experience. In some smaller U.S. police departments, a person holding the rank of Police Captain may be in charge of a division (Patrol Division, Detective Division, etc.) within that department. In larger police departments however, a Police Captain may command only one section of a precinct which is commanded by either a Police Major, Police Inspector, or the next highest rank. Nevertheless, the rank of Police Captain is separated from the ranks of Police Lieutenant and Police Sergeant, in the fact that a Police Captain is considered upper-level management in most large urban police departments; therefore, the rank carries much more than lower police ranks in terms of prestige and influence.

这个汉语还真不好译。相当于一级警督？

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 13:26

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A perp walk for the enforcers 对执法者以儆效尤的行动？？？

什么叫做a perp walk？ 将罪犯游街示众。

所以， 是不是  把执法者拿出来游街示众 ？

呵呵，我第一个翻译就是“将执法者游街示众”。但后来一想，不对。因为整篇文章并没有真正出现游街示众的情形，这只是一个比喻，就是要对犯罪的警察杀一儆百，严厉处置，以儆效尤。将罪犯游街示众侵犯了人权，本身就有非法的嫌疑。

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 13:47

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哈哈，找到有用的资料了。
纽约警察局(NYPD)警衔：
Officer = 警员
Detective = 警探
Sergeant = 警司
Lieutenant = 警督
Captain = 警监
Deputy Inspector = 副高级警监
Inspector = 高级警监
Deputy Chief = 副总警监
Assistant Chief = 助理总警监
Bureau Chief = 处总警监
Chief of Department = 局总警监
NYPD的中低各衔别还分具体档次, 这点与LAPD警衔是一样的. 但与LAPD不同的是, NYPD最高首长并非局总警监, 而是Police Commissioner=警察专员. 警察专员之下还有若干Deputy Policer Commissioner=副警察专员(包括一名First Deputy Police Commissioner=第一副警察专员). 警察专员与副警专员均为文职, 所以并不算警衔. 而作为NYPD警衔最高的局总警监, 行政地位要低于警察专员和副警察专员.

洛杉机警察局(LAPD)警衔
Police Officer = 警员
Police Detective = 警探
Police Sergeant = 警司
Police Lieutenant = 警督
Police Captain = 警监
Police Commander = 警长
Police Deputy Chief = 副总警监
Chief of Police = 总警监
说明: 从警官到警监, 各级内还有不同档次. 比如, 警官分为1/2/3级, 刚服役新警衔别为1级警官, 依此类推. 总警监只有一名, 既LAPD局长, 是LAPD最高首长.

佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔
Trooper = 警员
Corporal = 警士
Sergeant = 警司
Lieutenant = 警督
Captain = 警监
Major = 警长
Lieutenant Colonel = 副总警监
Colonel = 总警监
佛蒙特州警是美国典型的州级警察, 行政上隶属于该州公安厅领导. 除了警员分为2级与1级两档外, 其他衔别没有档次. 总警监只有一名, 担任佛蒙特州警主任.佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔

马里兰州警察厅(MDSP)警衔图表
TROOPER = 警员 (无警章)
TROOPER FIRST CLASS = 一级警员
CORPORAL = 警士
SERGEANT = 警司
DETECTIVE SERGEANT = 调查警司
FIRST SERGEANT = 一级警司
SERGEANT MAJOR = 警司长
LIEUTENANT = 警督
CAPTAIN = 警监
MAJOR = 警长
LIEUTENANT COLONEL = 副总警监
SUPERINTENDENT = 总警监
马里兰州警衔中, 警员分为2档, 警司分为4档. 总警监只有一名, 即州警察厅长.

波士顿警察局(BPD)警衔
Officer = 警员
Detective = 警探
Sergeant/Sergeant Detective = 警司/调查警司
Lieutenant/Lieutenent Detective = 警督/调查警督
Captain/Captain Detective = 警监/调查警监
Deputy Superientendent = 副总警监
Superintendent = 总警监
Superintendent In Chief = 首席总警监
Commissioner = 专员
专员是文职, 作为BPD局长, 全体警察均向其负责.

马里科帕县执法官公署(MCSO)警衔
Deputy Sheriff /Detention Officer = 副执法官/拘留官
Sergeant = 执法警司
Lieutenant = 执法警督
Captain = 执法警监
Deputy Chief = 副总执法警监
Chief Deupty = 首席副执法官
Sheriff = 执法官
说明: 以上是美国典型的县级警察. 在美国,绝大多数州(state), 州以下最大的行政区域为县(county). 县府(county seat)则多为实行自制的城(镇). 上例中的马里科帕县的县府风凰城, 是亚利桑纳州最大城市. 风凰城警察局与马里科帕县执法官公署互不隶属, 前者在城市区内执法, 后者则在县内其他区域执法. 美国县级警察另一特点是高度独立性. 县执法官(county sheriff)是选举产生的官员, 其公署并不对县长或县议会负责, 而是直接接受县内居民监督. 相对而言, 美国主要城市警察局局长是由市长或市议会委任, 要接受委任者的直接领导. 县执法官公署与城市警察局在组织上另一大区别在于前者除了执法职能外, 还有狱政功能. 美国监狱系统分为联邦, 州, 县三级. 所以县执法官公署内部通常分为两个分部: 警察, 监狱. 但在警衔上则是统一的.

国家海洋大气局军团(NOAA Corps)军衔, 分为9级, 全部为军官
Vice Admiral = 中将
Rear Admiral = 少将
Rear Admiral (lower half) = 低级少将, 相当于准将
Captain = 上校
Commander = 中校
Lieutenant Commander = 少校
Lieutenant = 上尉
Lieutenant (junior grade) = 中尉
Ensign = 少尉
NOAA是美国商务部下属机构, 应工作需要拥有自己的船队飞机, 管理体制模仿美国海军舰队, 故有类似海军组织和军衔. 大多数情况下, NOAA军团团长领少将衔, 中将极少见.補充：美國聯邦政府對7個組織授予軍銜, 這些組織人事結構軍事化, 並有自己的制服, 故英文稱為U.S. Uniformed Services. 其中5個組織即美軍5軍種, 共同組成美國武裝部隊(U.S. Armed Forces). 另外2組織: 美國海洋大氣局軍團(NOAA Corps)和美國公共衛生局軍團(PHSCC). PHSCC以美國衛生長(U.S. Surgeon General)為首, 領中將銜. 注意, 這裡的美國衛生長是衛生與人類服務部(HHS)下的官員, 並非三軍軍醫長, 雖然英文名字都叫Surgeon General)
.

引用 dqzxf 2011-4-17 14:04

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还有一个帖子也很值得借鉴。

中国和美国的警衔体系无法一一对应，只能大致做一个比较。我偏向美国的上尉警官对应中国的三级警监和一级警督这两个警衔级别。
美国警察没有全国统一的警衔，各州各行其是，大都把职务和警衔等融为一体。
纽约市的警察有十个等级，包括：局长、分局长、助理分局长、副分局长、督察、助理督察、警长、副警长、警官、巡警。
洛杉矶市的警衔有九级：局长、副局长、分局长、上尉、组长、巡官、刑警、巡佐、警员。
以洛杉矶市的上尉警官为例：
1、洛杉矶警局下属的S.W.A.T.的全称是Special Weapons and Tactics（洛杉矶警察专责特别行动小组）的负责人为上尉警官。
我国对应的是某副省级城市特警大队大队长（副处职：三级警监）。
2、洛杉矶警局是全美第三大警局，共下属19个分局，大的分局有警察1400人，小的分局有警察300人，上尉警官通常为分局的部门主管。
我国对应的副省级城市公安分局部门负责人（正处职或副处职：二级警监、三级警监、一级警督）。
3、洛杉矶警局的‘上尉警官’对应纽约市警局的‘督察’。
以香港警察为例，督察级警务人员:
总督察 - 通常是总部单位副主管或分区副指挥官
高级督察 - 小队指挥官
督察 - 小队指挥官
见习督察 - 小队指挥官
原来的回答感觉警衔对应偏高了一些，做适当修改。
国内公安系统的警衔授的偏高，经常可以在十字路口看到一级警督在指挥交通，这在国外是根本看不到的。国内的普通民警（无职务、级别）最高可授三级警督，而在国外仅是普通警员。
第八条 担任行政职务的人民警察实行下列职务等级编制警衔：
(一)部级正职：总警监；
(二)部级副职：副总警监；
(三)厅(局)级正职：一级警监至二级警监；
(四)厅(局)级副职：二级警监至三级警监；
(五)处(局)级正职：三级警监至二级警督；
(六)处(局)级副职：一级警督至三级警督；
(七)科(局)级正职：一级警督至一级警司；
(八)科(局)级副职：二级警督至二级警司；
(九)科员(警长)职：三级警督至三级警司；
(十)办事员(警员)职：一级警司至二级警员。
直辖市公安局局长（副省部级），分局（副司局级），派出所（正处级）
省公安厅厅长的职务为：省委常委、省委政法委书记、省公安厅厅长（副省部级）；
副省级城市公安局局长（正厅局级），分局（正处级）
省会城市公安局局长的职务为：市委常委、政法委书记、公安厅副厅长、市公安局局长（副厅局级）；
区公安分局局长的职务：区委常委、公安分局局长（副处级）。
北京的派出所（正处级）编制达290多人；
副省级城市的派出所（副处级）；
普通的派出所（正科级）。以我所在城市为例，大的派出所六十多人编制，小的派出所近四十人编制。
洛杉矶市为美国第三大警局（第一大为纽约市警局，编制3.4万名警察），共下属十九个分局。对应国内级别至少为副省级城市公安局，高套可相当于直辖市公安局。
我所在的城市公安局为副厅局级，编制3000多人，局长为一级警监。
以副省级城市的公安局机构级别为例（只是做一个比较，并不一定是真实警衔等级对应标准）：
公安局长（正厅局级）——香港警务处副处长——洛杉矶市警局局长；
市公安局副局长（副厅局级）——香港警务处高级助理处长、警务处助理处长——洛杉矶市警局副局长；
市公安分局局长（正处级）——香港六个总区和部指挥官（总警司），部或区的副指挥官（高级警司）——洛杉矶市警局分局长；
市公安分局副局长（副处级）——香港总部单位主管或分区指挥官（警司）
市公安分局部门负责人（副处级或正科级）——香港警察总部单位副主管或者分区副指挥官（总督察）——洛杉矶市警局上尉警官；
公安派出所所长（副处级）——香港警察总督察——洛市上尉警官；
中队（正科级）——香港警察小队、组指挥官（高级督察、督察、见习督察）——洛杉矶市警局组长；
警长——香港警察（警署警长 、警长）——洛杉矶市警局巡官、刑警；

引用 Uniquorn 2011-4-19 09:52

回复 dqzxf 的帖子

find在本句中的意思可以理解为discover to be the case，即发现或确认为事实。不过这不应该是简单的认定没有什么争议的那类事实（比如某警察是不是在某年月日向某人开了枪），而是需要调查者根据一定的标准做出某种主观判断，确定某个事情是怎么样（比如某警察在某人开的那一枪或几枪是否必要，即是否属于滥用暴力－－这经常可以是一个很难判定的问题），这其实和法庭做出判决没有实质性的差别。

具体到It has been at least six years 这句话的翻译，我觉得可以这样翻译：虽然违规的行为很普遍，但上一次由警察局的内部调查判定一名警察属于不当开枪已经起码是六年前了。

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