其实DNS系统已经因一个充分的理由而分裂,导致混乱。它最早设计为拉丁字母,这对大多数西方的互联网用户来说不存在问题。但由于住在世界其它地区的网民越来越多(中国达4.2亿),去年10月“监管DNS的机构互联网名称与数字地址分配机构”(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)允许域名可以全部采用另外的字符。这为中国、日本或俄罗斯提供了方便,却标志着互联网向“重新国有化”又跨进了一步。
And its founding fathers created the basis for this virtuous circle by making it easy for networks to hook up and for individuals to get wired.
再者,因为创网之父们奠定了虚拟圈的基础,使它便于人网相连、网网相连
The OpenNet Initiative, an advocacy group
“开放网倡议”(The OpenNet Initiative)列出了一份数据表
少了an advocacy group
It was designed for the Latin alphabet, which was fine when most internet users came from the West. But because more and more netizens live in other parts of the world—China boasts 420m—last October the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the body that oversees the DNS, allowed domain names entirely in other scripts.
Not every request or barrier has a sinister motive. Australia’s firewall is a case in point, even if it is a clumsy way of enforcing the law. It would be another matter, however, if governments started tinkering with the internet’s address book, the Domain Name System (DNS). This allows the network to look up the computer on which a website lives. If a country started its own DNS, it could better control what people can see. Some fear this is precisely what China and others might do one day.
并非来自政府的每一个要求或屏蔽都有险恶用心的。澳大利亚的防火墙是为一例,即使它的执行方式比较笨拙。但是,如果各国政府都开始插手互联网的地址簿、域名系统(DNS)则是另一回事了,如此以来,系统便可以通过网络查找某个计算机上的网站。如果一个国家开始建立自己的DNS,它就能够更有效地控制网站的阅读内容。有人担心这正是中国和其他政府某天会做的事。
This allows the network to look up the computer on which a website lives.
可能是:如此以来,系统便可以通过网络查找某个网站到底在哪台计算机上。(这样可能好理解点)
Rather than trying to mandate fairness in this way—net neutrality is very hard to define or enforce—it makes more sense to address the underlying problem: the lack of competition.
如果不以强迫方式要求公平的话——因为网络中立确实是非常难以界定或强制执行的——更有效的解决之道就是针对【美国网络市场】潜在的问题:缺乏竞争。
and decamp to less insular alternatives, such as Diaspora
另择“围城”的公司为取代(如Diaspora)。
为什么用“围城”表示less insular 呢?
Android, Google’s smart-phone platform, which is less closed than Apple’s, is growing rapidly and gained more subscribers in America than the iPhone in the first half of this year
谷歌智能手机平台(比苹果开放)机器人(Android)正在迅速发展。它在美国得到的用户超过了今年上半年推出的iPhone
in the first half of this year应该是修饰gained more subscribers 的
A virtual counter-revolution 原译:一场虚拟世界的反动
评论: 为什么不直译成: 虚拟世界的一场反革命?
THE first internet boom, a decade and a half ago, resembled a religious movement. Omnipresent cyber-gurus, often framed by colourful PowerPoint presentations reminiscent of stained glass, prophesied a digital paradise in which not only would commerce be frictionless and growth exponential, but democracy would be direct and the nation-state would no longer exist. One, John-Perry Barlow, even penned “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”. 原译:十五年前的第一波互联网热潮有点像一场宗教运动。无所不能的网络高人,通常被放在色彩明艳的PowerPoint展示图框中,让你想起(教堂的)彩色玻璃窗;他们预言在一幢未来的数码乐园里,不仅商业将没有阻碍发展飞速,民众也可以直接享受民主,国家无需存在。约翰-佩里•巴洛甚至拟写了一份“网络空间独立宣言书”。
评论:Omnipresent 无处不在, omniscient 无所不知, omnipotent 无所不能,
Omnivorous 无所不吃,无书不读, 前三样属于上帝, 后一样属于我们。
但是网络高人当时曾经是omnipresent, 已经带有上帝的一种灵性, 又经常置于ppp 的彩色框架里(指到处演讲, 用ppp打投影, 演讲者常挡光, 看起来好像是以ppp投影的方框的人像)这种框架好像是教堂里的方块状的彩饰拼花玻璃, 上帝或先知常常是这样方框里的彩饰像。
这里作者把gurus 提高的先知的地位, 他们就像先知一样预言了一个数码天堂的实现。 在这个天堂里, 商业毫不受阻, 经济增长呈指数状, 民主直接到来, 单一民族国家消亡。
One, 指什么? One of such gurus。 其中的一个高人, 叫 Barlow,