2022.05.15 一个 "独狼 "射手拥有一个在线团队

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IDEAS
A ‘Lone-Wolf’ Shooter Has an Online Pack
Even when a shooter acts alone, their ideology is often shared.

By Juliette Kayyem
A profile photo of the alleged shooter, with dark, wavy hair and stubble, wearing a white mask over his nose and mouth
Payton S. Gendron is accused of killing at least 10 people in a Buffalo supermarket. (Mark Mulville / The Buffalo News / AP)
MAY 15, 2022, 11:01 AM ET
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About the author: Juliette Kayyem, a former assistant secretary for homeland security under President Barack Obama, is the faculty chair of the homeland-security program at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. She is the author of The Devil Never Sleeps: Learning to Live in an Age of Disasters.

Wolves are not a particularly special species. They are not as menacing nor as powerful as mountain lions. They are not as big as many other predators, nor as strong, nor terribly wise, nor do they have sophisticated tools or genetic dispositions that make them individually dangerous in the animal kingdom. Their ability to capture prey worthier than themselves results from collaboration—from the pack.

Once prey is targeted, the pack first disperses, then surrounds the victim—some wolves from the front, others from the back. The wolf pack’s defining feared feature is that it does not work alone. The lone wolf, in the animal kingdom, is not powerful; it is weak. The wolf, acting alone, is not something to fear. Lone wolves do not massacre because they can’t.

Eighteen-year-old Payton S. Gendron allegedly went hunting yesterday at a supermarket after traveling more than 200 miles from his home. Police say he was heavily armed, wearing protective military-style gear, and proceeded to shoot and kill at least 10 people, injuring three more. Almost all of the victims were Black; the supermarket is in a predominantly Black area of Buffalo, New York. The event was, according to a manifesto apparently written by Gendron himself, a racist massacre. Almost immediately, it was described as a “straight-up racially motivated hate crime” by New York officials.

When we write about, think about, and prosecute such hate crimes in this nation, we tend to focus on whether the assailant acted alone. In this case, Gendron appears to have had no accomplices. He is an alleged solo shooter, or, in the parlance of our time, a lone wolf—a term used to differentiate the slaughter from more sophisticated acts of terrorism staged by groups like ISIS that typically involve multiple people and nuanced planning.

But that lone wolf language fails us in an era when hate and radicalization now serve as a proxy for the collaborative herd, for the co-conspirators and colluders. Gendron wasn’t alone. His mission was effective because he was supported by an apparatus that provided the ideology and means for the hunt. Based on evidence from a manifesto that he reportedly posted Thursday night, Gendron did not perceive himself as being alone: He had his people; they were there for him.

As if to make that clear, he livestreamed some of his actions yesterday, a performative gesture for an audience that already existed. To emphasize that his victims were targeted and not at all random, Gendron wrote that he chose the specific Tops supermarket because it was in a demographic area that, according to public data, is only 1 percent white. And lest there be any doubt, he wrote the N-word on the tip of his gun, a word perfectly visible from his videotape of the rampage.

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Language alone cannot change the violent extremism that is a part of American society today, which President Joe Biden called out last night as “hate-fueled domestic terrorism” that leads to such tragedy. Social-media platforms should be held accountable and gun laws should be more restrictive, but the wrong language has a tendency to excuse the herd. Biden gets this; with only a brief nod to the perpetrator—“We need to learn more”—the thrust of his statement was a form of public shaming of the racist network that is culpable, even if not legally responsible. While lawyers get tied up over specific charges around hate crimes and the meaning of terrorism, Biden rightfully uses terrorism in its less legal sense: Black people were hunted by a white racist. Terror.

David Frum: America’s gun plague

The manifesto is an ode to a particular variant of hate—espoused by political and conservative media leaders—called “Great Replacement” theory. Pulled from European extremists’ fear of Muslim immigrants, the American variant has grown out of undeniable demographic shifts. The year Donald Trump was elected president, 2016, was also the first year that the U.S. Census Bureau reported more nonwhite babies born in America than white babies. The country is not going back to a white majority.

At its core, the idea of a “great replacement” is about violence, because the notion of displacement justifies the elimination of the parties responsible for taking your place. Their very presence—not their ideas, or politics, or voting patterns—is the threat. Political and media leaders who spread these ideas can play coy, a notion I’ve described as stochastic terrorism, by having plausible deniability about what in fact they are promoting. Their language may be vague as to place and time of the kill, but it isn’t misleading. It is terror, executed by the herd.

The manifesto itself will be scoured for evidence of what motivated Gendron. I myself appear in the manifesto, in an image of CNN hosts and analysts labeled as Jews. But Gendron’s hatred isn’t specific to me, just as we are unlikely to find that there is anything particularly interesting about him. We are likely to find that he, actually, isn’t that special. He’s just part of a pack.

Juliette Kayyem, a former assistant secretary for homeland security under President Barack Obama, is the faculty chair of the homeland-security program at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. She is the author of The Devil Never Sleeps: Learning to Live in an Age of Disasters.



理念
一个 "独狼 "射手拥有一个在线团队
即使枪手单独行动，他们的意识形态也往往是共享的。

朱丽叶-凯耶姆报道
被指控的枪手的资料照片，他有着深色的波浪形头发和胡茬，鼻子和嘴上戴着白色面具。
Payton S. Gendron被指控在水牛城一家超市杀害了至少10人。(Mark Mulville / The Buffalo News / AP)
2022年5月15日，美国东部时间上午11:01
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关于作者。朱丽叶-凯耶姆是巴拉克-奥巴马总统的前国土安全助理部长，是哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院国土安全项目的教务主任。她是《恶魔不眠》的作者。学会生活在一个充满灾难的时代》一书。

狼并不是一个特别的物种。它们不像山狮那样来势汹汹，也不像山狮那样强大。它们没有许多其他捕食者那么大，也没有那么强壮，更没有可怕的智慧，它们也没有复杂的工具或遗传倾向，使它们在动物王国中具有单独的危险。它们捕捉比自己更有价值的猎物的能力来自于协作--来自于群体。

一旦猎物成为目标，狼群首先分散，然后包围受害者--一些狼从前面，其他狼从后面。狼群的决定性的可怕特征是它不单独行动。在动物世界里，孤独的狼并不强大，它是弱者。独自行动的狼，并不值得害怕。孤狼不会屠杀，因为它们无法做到。

据称，18岁的Payton S. Gendron在离家200多英里后，昨天到一家超市打猎。警方说，他全副武装，穿着军事风格的防护装备，接着开枪打死了至少10个人，又打伤了3个人。几乎所有的受害者都是黑人；该超市位于纽约州水牛城的一个以黑人为主的地区。根据一份显然是由根德隆本人撰写的宣言，该事件是一场种族主义大屠杀。几乎在第一时间，它就被纽约官员描述为 "直接出于种族动机的仇恨犯罪"。

在这个国家，当我们撰写、思考和起诉此类仇恨犯罪时，我们倾向于关注袭击者是否单独行动。在本案中，Gendron似乎没有同伙。他是一个所谓的单独枪手，或者，用我们这个时代的说法，是一只独狼--一个用来区分屠杀和像ISIS这样的组织所发动的更复杂的恐怖主义行为的术语，后者通常涉及多人和细致的计划。

但是，在这个时代，当仇恨和激进化成为合作群体、同谋者和勾结者的代名词时，这种独狼式的语言让我们失望。詹德隆并不孤单。他的任务之所以有效，是因为他得到了一个为狩猎提供意识形态和手段的机构的支持。据报道，根据他周四晚上发布的宣言中的证据，詹德隆并不认为自己是孤独的：他有他的人；他们在那里支持他。

似乎是为了明确这一点，他昨天直播了自己的一些行动，这是为已经存在的观众做出的表演性姿态。为了强调他的受害者是有针对性的，而不是随机的，Gendron写道，他之所以选择特定的Tops超市，是因为根据公开数据，该地区的白人比例只有1%。为了避免任何疑问，他在枪尖上写下了N字，这个词在他肆虐的录像带中完全可见。

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仅靠语言无法改变当今美国社会的暴力极端主义，乔-拜登总统昨晚将其称为导致此类悲剧的 "由仇恨引发的国内恐怖主义"。社交媒体平台应该被追究责任，枪支法律应该更加严格，但错误的语言有为群氓开脱的倾向。拜登明白了这一点；他的发言只对肇事者做了简短的点头--"我们需要了解更多"--其主旨是对负有责任的种族主义网络的一种公开羞辱，即使在法律上没有责任。当律师们围绕着仇恨犯罪和恐怖主义的含义而纠结于具体的指控时，拜登正确地使用了法律意义不大的恐怖主义：黑人被一个白人种族主义者追杀。恐怖。

大卫-弗鲁姆。美国的枪支瘟疫

该宣言是对一种特殊的仇恨变体--由政治和保守派媒体领导人鼓吹的所谓 "大替代 "理论的颂歌。从欧洲极端分子对穆斯林移民的恐惧中提取出来，美国的变种已经从不可否认的人口变化中成长起来。唐纳德-特朗普当选总统的那一年，即2016年，也是美国人口普查局报告在美国出生的非白人婴儿多于白人婴儿的第一年。这个国家不会再回到白人占多数的状态了。

就其核心而言，"伟大的替代者 "的想法是关于暴力的，因为流离失所的概念证明了消除对你的位置负有责任的各方是正当的。他们的存在--而不是他们的思想、政治或投票模式--才是威胁。传播这些思想的政治和媒体领导人可以装模作样，我把这一概念描述为随机恐怖主义，对他们所宣传的内容进行合理的推诿。他们的语言在杀戮的地点和时间方面可能是模糊的，但并不具有误导性。这就是恐怖，由群体执行。

宣言本身将被搜罗，以证明是什么促使了詹德隆。我自己也出现在宣言中，出现在CNN主持人和分析师被标为犹太人的画面中。但詹德隆的仇恨并不针对我，就像我们不太可能发现他有什么特别有趣的地方。我们很可能会发现，他，实际上，并不那么特别。他只是一群人中的一员。

朱丽叶-凯耶姆（Juliette Kayyem）是巴拉克-奥巴马总统的前国土安全助理部长，是哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院国土安全项目的教职员工。她是《恶魔不眠》的作者。学会生活在一个充满灾难的时代。